Week 6- Anish Kapoor Sculpture

1.Research Kapoor's work in order to discuss whether it is conceptual art or not. Explain your answer, using a definition of conceptual art.
Conceptual art is art in which the concept or idea involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Different from the art work is create by randomly. I can see Kapoor's art work is belong conceptual art. For example, one of his work 'Cloud Gate(2004)' people can see whole city scenery, skyline and the people walking around on the street in this work which is the reflection. He said about the idea of his work is 'non-object'. The shape of cloud gate is not a curl is like the hug pose and is also means the identify of this society.

Cloud Gate (2004), Millennium Park, Chicago

2. Research 3 quite different works by Kapoor from countries outside New Zealand to discuss the ideas behind the work. Include images of each work on your blog.

 

Anish Kapoor
Shooting into the Corner, 2008/2009
©Wolfgang Woessner/MAK

"Shooting into the Corner" is on of the famous work from Kapoor. The cannon shoots 11 kilogram heavy wax balls into the corner of the next room. Is also consists of a cannon developed by him together with a team of engineers. A pneumatic compressor shoots 11-kilogram balls of wax into the corner across the room; all in all, 20 tons of wax will be "fired away" throughout the exhibition run. Loud aggression on the one hand and silent growth on the other give the piece tension, sensuality, and compelling power.

Past Present Future, 2006
Anish Kapoor

"Past, Present, Future", a motor-driven steel plate peels off layer after layer of a blood-red huge hemisphere of wax with one move of the arm taking a full hour. Is assembles 14 works made since 1980, a period in which Kapoor's sculptures and installations have grown increasingly ambitious and complex.

''Sky Mirror'', a breathtaking, 35-foot-diameter concave mirror that was shown in 2006 at Rockefeller Center in New York. Is offers a dazzling experience of light and architecture, presenting viewers with a vivid inversion of the skyline featuring the historic landmark building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza.. Sky Mirror is on view, free and open to the public, from September 19th through October 27th, 2006. This exhibition is presented by Tumi, organized by the Public Art Fund and hosted by Rockefeller Center owner Tishman Speyer.

3.Discuss the large scale 'site specific' work that has been installed on a private site in New Zealand.

Anish Kapoor has undertaken the third in The Unilever Series of commissions for the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern. He is renowned for his enigmatic sculptural forms that permeate physical and psychological space. Kapoor's inventiveness and versatility have resulted in works ranging from powdered pigment sculptures and site-specific interventions on wall or floor, to gigantic installations both in and outdoors. Throughout, he has explored what he sees as deep-rooted metaphysical polarities: presence and absence, being and non-being, place and non-place and the solid and the intangible.

4. Where is the Kapoor's work in New Zealand? What are its form and materials? What are the ideas behind the work?

“The Farm,” a 400ha (1,000 acre) private estate outdoor art gallery in Kaipara Bay, north of Auckland, New Zealand. Kapoor’s first outdoor sculpture in fabric, “The Farm” (the sculpture is named after its site), is designed to withstand the high winds that blow inland from the Tasman Sea off the northwest coast of New Zealand’s North Island. The sculpture is fabricated in a custom deep red PVC-coated polyester fabric by Ferrari Textiles supported by two identical matching red structural steel ellipses that weigh 42,750kg each. The fabric alone weighs 7,200kg.

5. Comment on which work by Kapoor is your favourite, and explain why. Are you personally attracted more by the ideas or the aesthetics of the work?

White Sand, Red Millet, Many Flowers(1982). Wood, cement, pigment.

I really this work from Kappor, in the early1980s, his scuplture consisted of simple forms coverd in dry, loose pigment in saturated colors such as red, yellow and blue, and he has stated that 'The act of putting pigment on these objects removes all traces of the hand. they are not made, they are just there.' His use of dense, pure pigments tends to dematerislize his forms, mal=king them harder to real as solid shapes. In several works, the pigment falls off the form, leaving a penumbra of colour on the floor around it, rather like a halo.








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art
http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/anish_kapoor.htm
http://web2.lionart.com.tw/artistsayart100/?p=10
http://fabricarchitecturemag.com/articles/0110_sk_sculpture.html
http://www.icaboston.org/exhibitions/exhibit/kapoor/
http://www.e-flux.com/shows/view/6532
http://www.evanread.net/b2.htm
http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/kapoor/default.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish_Kapoor
BOOK: Sculpture Today







Comment on http://niveou.blogspot.com/2011/09/week-6-anish-kapoor-sculpture.html

I agreed how you analyze one of his work could gate, and I also think this work is not only a beautiful art work also is a successful public sculpture. The shape of the sculpture is also means the hug position as human and the reflection people can see through whole city view and even the skyline. It is a important and good social identify.

Comment on http://monkeyqry.blogspot.com/2011/09/anish-kapoor-sculpture.html

I angreed how your opinion of question 1, but I also think we can find many relation between conceptural art. From how his think before doin the art work, he consider about the material, location, size and meaning for views. The best example is Cloud Gate.

Week 5 - Pluralism and the Treat of Waitangi

In teaching week 5 you will discuss pluralism and the Treaty of Waitangi in your tutorials.
Use this discussion, the notes in your ALVC book and the internet to respond to the following
questions

1. Define the term 'pluralism' using APA referencing.


According to Caldwell(1991): Pluralism in art refers to the nature of artforms and artists as diverse. The cultural context of art is all encompassing in its respect for the art of the world's culture. Inclusion of individuals of differing ethnicities, genders, ideologies, abilities, ages, religions, economic status and educational levels is valued. Pluralism honours differences within and between equitable groups while seeing their commonalities.-Caldwell, B. (1999) Cultural Context. Retrieved 28 Aug, 2011 from Academic Literacies in Visual Communication 2: Resource Book (2011)

2. How would you describe New Zealand's current dominant culture?

Culture is really hard to define, but I can say the original culture of New Zealand is largely inherited from English and European custom, interwoven with Maori and Polynesian. But during the time change, many different of raises of people immigrate here and become a racially diverse place nowadays.

3. Before 1840, what was New Zealand's dominant culture?

The main culture before 1840 suppose be Maori culture. The Maori people arrived New Zealand before 2000 years ago; they settled the islands and developed a distinct culture. The reason of the 1840 is the Maori people sign the Treaty of Waitangi with European people, they lost a lot of land, entering a period of culture and numerical decline.

Treaty of Waitangi

4. How does the Treaty of Waitangi relate to us all as artists and designers working
in New Zealand?

The history is an important part of the country, no matter in any area. Treaty of Waitangi is a part of important history in New Zealand, as a designer or the artists who living in this land and create the art for the place, the art work or the any design in this land wants to make the sympathetic responses, they must consider the culture which is relate to the history.

5. How can globalization be seen as having a negative effect on regional diversity in New Zealand in particular?

The globalization is mean Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. We can see the New Zealand society is become plurasilm, many different raise of people immigrate and bringing different culture. In my opinion, TV show is a good media to know many news and knowledge but also a most easy and fastest media to change the regional diversity. People will get used to watching American drama or talking show, the contents will effect people's thinking and the all the information which people revive will be American news.

6. Shane Cotton's paintings are said to examine the cultural landscape. Research Cotton's work 'Welcome'(2004) and 'Forked Tongue' (2011) to analyze what he is saying about colonialization and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Shane Cotton is one of a famous artist in New Zealand, who born in 1964 in Upper Hutt, his Maori heritage is located in New Zealand's Northland. He painted a lot of landscape early, and the landscape references in Cotton's paintings recall the symmetry of Maori carving and the work of Colin McCahon. Cotton's work is evocatively includes both Maori iconography and culture. In the work '' Welcome(2004)'', Cotton delicately delineates images that have become synonymous with his work, including the controversial motif of "upoko tuhituhi" or “marked heads”, and his iconic birds. In Cotton’s depiction of these ancestors and in referencing their after-life and the heavens, his work can be seen as a way to keep their identity and memory alive. Another work ''Forked Tongue(2011)'' which features a cliff face, a fantail, some Maori designs and a tracery of red lines these symbols or metaphors become starting points for an elaboration on the links between the physical, historical and spiritual landscapes. we can see many of the work from Cotton have been discuss the a lot about Maori and Pakeha characters and impact of the Treaty of Waitangi, their ambivalence about concepts of landownership and the notion of two cultures living in the one land.

'Welcome' (2004) Shane Cotton

http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/work/52293/shane-cotton-welcome.aspx

'Forked Tongue'(2011) Shane Cotton

7. Tony Albert's installation 'Sorry' (2008) reflect the effects of colonization on the aboriginal people of Australia. Research the work and comment on what Albert is communicating through his work, and what he is referring to. Describe the materials that Albert uses on this installation and say what he hopes his work can achieve. Define the term 'kitsch'.

Tony Albert’s work reflects political, historical, environmental and cultural issues relevant to Indigenous-Australian people in today’s society. Provoked by the stereotypical representations of Indigenous-Australians in mainstream culture, Albert’s paradoxical wordplay examines cultural alienation and displacement. In his work ''Sorry'' revels in the sense of irony in the work, with the impetus of such a momentous and joyous event being an apology. The material which his was used is kitsch objects applied to vinyl letters. Kitsch is means something of tawdry design, appearance, or content created to appeal to popular or undiscriminating taste.

8. Explain how the work of both artists relates to pluralism.

In my opinion, Shane Cotton’s work is related to pluralism, it because the way how he uses the colonialization as a theme to his artwork, and about Tony Albert’s work, he does have some work that has relation such as some different object.

http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/indigenous_australian_art/tony_albert http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/shane-cotton-paintings-examine-cultural-landscape-126412 http://www.gowlangsfordgallery.co.nz/editions/shanecotton.asp http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kitsch http://exposuredvd.com/?page_id=124 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Cotton http://thearts.co.nz/artist_page.php&aid=24 http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/shane-cotton-paintings-examine-cultural-landscape-126412 ALVC BOOK

Week 4 - Kehinde Wiley and inter-textuality

1. Find a clear definition of Intertextuality and quote it accurately on your blog using the APA referencing system. Use your own words to explain the definition more thoroughly.
 
Intertextuality is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can include an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another. Intertextuality refers to the way that any one text (written or visual ) is influenced, or made up of a variety of other earlier texts.(Chandler, D. (2003))

2. Research Wiley's work and write a paragraph that analyzes how we might make sense of his work. Identify intertextuality in Wiley's work.

He is a renaissance technician with hip-hop subject. Kehinde Wiley was born in Los Angeles in 1977. His father was from Nigeria, and his mother was African-American. He did not grow up with his father, so, at the age of 20, he traveled to Nigeria to explore his roots and meet his father. His latest work focuses on young black men in a sadly familiar posture: Down. Part of Wiley's process was lifting his subjects straight from the street and rendering them-complete with sneakers, track pants, tank tops, and team caps-in the visual language of classic European portraiture, all of these issues relate to the intertextuality, we can see really clearly intertextuality in his art work.

‘down’ by kehinde wiley

deitch projects, new york
november 1 - december 20, 2008



3.Wiley's work relates to next weeks Postmodern theme "PLURALISM" . Read page 46 and discuss how the work relates to this theme.

Pluralism in art refer to the nature of artforms and artists as diverse. The culture context of art is all encompassing in its respect for the art of the world's culture. Include of many different values. I can see in Wiley's work relate to the pluralism. Most of his work have the colourful patten as the background background, I can say the style of the most painting is colsed to renaissance artist, which is fine and details. However, he inter new element of the issue in the picture to create his own art, from the clothings and the another object in the painting, Wiley makes the art more interesting and much different from the renaissance painting.

4. Comment on how Wiley's work raises questions around social/cultural hierarchies , colonisation, globalisation, stereotypes and the politics which govern a western worldview.

Wylie conflates historical formulas-Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, with hip-hop fashion elements and finds his own complex style. Most of his works emphasizes the everyday theatricality of Black youth culture, with its fetishization of personal style. That how he work on the sensitivity issue. Turn the serious subject into the funny or interesting image and combine with the old classical painting.

5. Add some reflective comments of your own, which may add more information that
you have read during your research.

In my opinion, Wiley try to used the old classical painting to make people have sympathetic responses, and created his own personalty. One of the important thing in his painting is the posing of the man in the picture, that is the part to show the emotion of whole painting.

http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/kehinde_wiley/index.html

http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/10/view/4538/down-by-kehinde-wiley.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism

http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/kehinde-wiley/

ALVC BOOK

Week 3- Hussein Chalayan

1. Chalayan’s works in clothing, like Afterwords (2000) and Burka (1996) , are often challenging to both the viewer and the wearer. What are your personal responses to these works? Are Afterwords and Burka fashion, or are they art? What is the difference? Not all clothing is fashion, so what makes fashion fashion?.

Every significant piece he created a story of movement, travel, flight, even loss, from the clothes that fold into airmail envelopes to those famous pieces of “portable architecture”. And I think the ''Afterwords(2000)'' is kind of architecture combine with fashion, the skirt is made by wood with many layers. He choose different material to challenge how people define fashion and create new art. The wood is different from the fabric, the wood skirt on the model looks really attractive and reasonable, and the wood also enhance the whole dress. Another work ''Burka(1996)'' which challenging ideas such as modesty, identity and feminity, Chalayan presented models wearing different length burka inspired creations with nothing underneath them, with some of the model's being completely naked except for a mask and sandals. The burka is the one of the important thing Muslim womem should dress. It also shows women to appear to be all the same with their faces covered, like the burka or length of the mask. Clothing is a medium to make people accept that how he turned the fashion into art . I think that why Chalayan's fashion works looks fashion and creative.

2.Chalayan has strong links to industry. Pieces likeThe Level Tunnel(2006) and Repose(2006) are made in collaboration with, and paid for by, commercial business; in these cases, a vodka company and a crystal manufacturer. How does this impact on the nature of Chalayan’s work? Does the meaning of art change when it is used to sell products? Is it still art?

'The level tunnel' is a 15m long, 5m high installation that can be experienced from the exterior or blindfolded on the inside. The different from Chalayan's original work is this work is kind of art. Chalayan has developed an experience of the senses, working with a number of different materials and playing with scent, touch and sound. The viewing is blindfolded and led into the installation, where they are confronted with sound created by a flute made from a vodka bottle. I do not think the art become selling product will not be art any more. Because if the art can turn into the part of our life or another simple idea can mostly people understand, that make art work more successful. Further on, a breeze carries the scent of lemon and cedar as the visitors moves along the leather coated railings. a heart monitor is fitted onto the visitor and a display on the outside projects their heartbeat to external viewers.

   



3.Chalayan’s film Absent Presence screened at the 2005 Venice Biennale. It features the process of caring for worn clothes, and retrieving and analysing the traces of the wearer, in the form of DNA. This work has been influenced by many different art movements; can you think of some, and in what ways they might have inspired Chalayan’s approach?

Exclusively produced for Venice Biennale, The Absent Presence, is an enigmatic story based on identity, geography, genetics, biology and anthropology. Chalayan opens the argument on how certain identities can or cannot adapt to new environments and generates a research based narration for his cross-disciplined installation with filmic images and sculptures. There is a serious research behind the end product displaying the interplay of the real and the imagined with a series of collected clothes and deformed crystallized garments. A DNA extraction process from the clothes collected from unknown people, an anthropological evaluation, and a 3 D manipulation all treated through the London sound-scape as the environment reveals the approach of Chalayan to the dilemma of identity

4. Many of Chalayan’s pieces are physically designed and constructed by someone else; for example, sculptor Lone Sigurdsson made some works from Chalayan’s Echoform (1999) and Before Minus Now (2000) fashion ranges. In fashion design this is standard practice, but in art it remains unexpected. Work by artists such as Jackson Pollock hold their value in the fact that he personally made the painting. Contrastingly, Andy Warhol’s pop art was largely produced in a New York collective called The Factory, and many of his silk-screened works were produced by assistants. Contemporarily, Damien Hirst doesn’t personally build his vitrines or preserve the sharks himself. So when and why is it important that the artist personally made the piece?

Chalayan's greatest skill may be his ability to use colors and graphic prints so dramatically, and yet allow the woman wearing them to seem elusive, even chilly. Women who buy his clothes pay dearly for that image. He is the rare designer whose commercial line is priced higher than his own. Each artist or designer have their own personal style, and the personal style is the essential part of the artist. The viewers can see the different story or thinking of the artist, and personally made artist to make different piece.

http://www.designboom.com/weblog/read.php?CATEGORY_PK=&TOPIC_PK=2858
http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/review-23626540-hussein-chalayan-is-fashions-techno-wizard.do
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan
http://www.husseinchalayan.com/blog/

Post-Modernism, Ai Weiwei and Banksy

1. Define Post-Modernism using 8-10 bullet points that include short quotes.

* Is used in the philosophy, literature, socialsciences and architecture.

* Is associated with relativism. And the idea of the relativism is ''anything goes''.

* Is an intentional departure from modernist approaches that had previously been dominant.

* Post-modernism is composed by two words. Post is ''after'', and the modernism belong to the modern period.

* A grand narrative has left the idea in post-modernism.

* Is used in critical theory to belong the literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Particularly as an academic movement, can be understood as a reaction to modernism in the Humanities.

* Postmodernism is highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person.

* Social constructivism is another idea with in the post-modernism. The main idea is there is no objective knowledge or absolute representation of reality.


2. Use a quote by Witcombe (2000) to define the Post-Modern artist.


The post modern artist is “reflexive” in that he/ she is self aware and consciously involved in a process of thinking about him/ herself and society in a deconstructive manner, “demasking” pretensions , becoming aware of his/ her culture self in history, and acceleration the process of self-consciousness”

3. Use the grid on pages 42 and 43 to summarize the list of the features of Post-
Modernity.

Since 1980, most of the art has been considered to be Post-Modern. The main focus and content in real and personal, postmodernists subject morality to personal opinion and they define morality as each person’s private code of ethics without the need to follow traditional values and rule. Hyper reality, image saturation are more powerful than original. Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, knowing always that the outcome of one's own experience will necessarily be fallible and relative, rather than certain and universal.


4. Use this summary to answer the next two questions.

5. Research Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's 'Han Dynasty Urn with Coca-Cola logo'(1994)
in order to say what features of the work are Post-Modern.



Ai Wei Wei, he is one of the China's earliest and most influential avant-garde artists. In the late 1970s, he was a member of "The Stars," a group of largely self-taught artists who challenged official communist icons and ideology and helped spark the modern art movement in Beijing. He has also used this symbol in combination with Chinese traditional ceramics. His ‘Han Dynasty Urn with Coca-Cola Logo’ (1994) is a well-known example. The coca cola sign and the urn are totally different period of object. He combined two object to represent the changing of the period. And in post-modernism is focused on making image saturation more powerful than original and he also created a new art work and broke the traditional views and rules. Ai’s concept differs in that the urn and the logo are not fused together as one seamless object, but can be seen with the logo as an act of violent defacement on the urn, or with the logo as artistic graffiti on the urn of mainstream tradition. The hand of the artist is very much present and emphasized.

6. Research British artist Banksy's street art, and analyze the following two works by the artist to discuss how each work can be defined at Post-Modern.(Use your list from point 6.)

Banksy is a pseudonymous England-based graffiti artist, political activist, film director and painter. His street art combine irreverent dark humour with graffiti done in distinctive stencil-ling technique. In his work 'Flower Riot', the pose of the man is throwing the flower, the original object should be stone or something else. Another work is Los Angeles (2008), this work is in Valuable Banksy Street Art Stolen From East Los Angeles Wall. We can see the ancient man is holding the plate with the junk food. Both of the works showed strong post-modernism, which without traditional rules and represent really obvious personal idea.

                                    

http://vanyice.pixnet.net/blog/post/12024649-%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90-banksy

http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/characteristics-of-postmodernism-faq.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy

http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/gengloss/postm-body.html

http://ambro32.tripod.com/postmod.html

ALVC BOOK

Week 1- Nathalie Djurberg's 'Claymations'

Nathalie Djurberg is a Swedish video artist who born in 1978. She is popular for producing clymation short film that are faux-naïve, but graphically violent and erotic.Her star rose higher when she won the Silver Lion for best young artist at the 2009 Venice Biennale, where she produced a bigger-than-life, Plasticine Garden of Eden and three videos that featured a decorous May-December couple being hounded by nature as well as ritualistic play between bosomy naked women and robed priests.

Nathalie Djurberg’s New Movements in Fashion, 2006. © Nathalie Djurberg. Courtesy of Zach Feuer Gallery, New York, and Gio Marconi, Milan.

1. What do you understand by the word 'claymation'?

Claymation is an animation process using clay or Plasticine figures that are moved and filmed using stop-motion photography to create a lifelike look.

    

2. What is meant by the term 'surrealistic Garden of Eden'? and 'all that is natural goes awry'?

 

The eden probably is derived from the Akkadian word edinu, borrowed from the Sumerian eden, meaning "plain." Nowadays, people also have the explanation of the Garden of Eden is which Adam and Eve were placed at the creation. In her work '' the experiment'', she made the flowers bigger than original size which even taller than a person, the color tone of the flowers is based on cold tone. Although she made opposite thinking that how people generally think of the Eden, so she called her Eden ''surrealistic Garden of Eden''. Her work always in the grotesque atmosphere which is created lie both sexual insinuations and ambiguous relationships. Al-though at first sight the animations seem allude to puppet theaters and the naive and harmless expressions of childhood. That maybe why she called the work ''all that is natural goes awry''

3. What are the 'complexity of emotions' that Djurberg confronts us with?

Djurberg’s work show the human behavior, unflinchingly revealing the inhumanities and abuses. The subjects she addresses in her works are the massacres of innocent civilians in wartime, racial discrimination under colonial and post-colonial regimes, or sexual abuse by those in positions of power.

  

4. How does Djurberg play with the ideas of children's stories, and innocence in some of her work?

The views always can find animals pair up with humans in her work and the video which she made always begin with fairy- tale sweetness and dissolve into grisly sadism.

5. There is a current fascination by some designers with turning the innocent and sweet into something disturbing. Why do you think this has come about?

 

In my opinion, most of people desire to see something interesting issues closer to human behavior, about the society, sexual, individual. And the opposite subject can make the emotion more stronger and clearer, the viewers can have more feeling and the work can be much affected.

6.In your opinion, why do you think Djurberg's work is so interesting that it was chosen for the Venice Biennale?

She used the unique material and commands everything from idea, costume and not least dramaturgy. And the music of ''the experiment'' which made from Han Berg, he played the important part in the exhibition. The music pushes the narration forward and actually creates extra tension.

http://www.regionmuseet.m.se/english_natalie-djurberg.htm
http://www.columbusunderground.com/human-behavior-nathalie-djurberg-with-music-by-hans-berg
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_7_45/ai_n24354920/?tag=mantle_skin;content
http://www.wexarts.org/info/press/1011/spex/djurberg/
http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/nathalie-djurberg#!/photos/47242/1

Industrialisation, Modernism and architecture

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997) Frank Gehry

Eiffel Tower (1889) Gustave Eiffel

The Importance of the Design and Construction

          The Eiffel tower is consisted of immense exposed latticework, which made in puddle iron. The main function of Eiffel tower is to see the view of Paris, it has three levels. The first and second levels have some souvenir shops and restaurants. The third level people can see exceptional panoramic views whether day or night time. About Guggenheim museum, the building is twisted, irregular curving lines and series of volume, which made by limestone and some others made in metallic titanium. It totally different from Eiffel tower and Guggenheim museum, in the sight view the Eiffel tower is simple and symmetrical shape, compare to the Guggenheim museum is irregular building.

Significance of the Materials

        As I mentioned in last paragraph, the Eiffel tower is made in puddle with a lot of great exposed latticework. The Guggenheim museum is more mathematical complexity, the materials includes the limestone, metallic titanium, glass, and the sinuous stone.



Significance of the Designer

       The artist who bulit the Guggenheim museum in Spain is Frank Gehry. His architectural style is inventive and irreverent. He created unexpected architect, using unorthodox materials like corrugated metal and chain link. His work have been called radical, playful, organic and sensual. Effil tower was made by Gustave Eiffel, he was a famous French engineer and architect, he used the great metallic struvtures and the base with the creating shadow.

Function for Which Each Was Built
Function Now-has It Changed?

      The function of the eiffel tower was built to celebrate the engineering and science achievements of its age, but now the eiffel tower is a famous viewpoint in Frence and the good location to see the hole view of Frence. The Guggenhein museum is one of the country's most important until now and its become more popular which has another four locations distribute around Spain.

http://architecture.about.com/od/greatarchitects/p/gehry.htm

http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Monuments-Paris/Eiffel.shtml

http://www.guggenheim.org/guggenheim-foundation